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Information Systems Concepts |
Development of Information Systems Database Management Systems (DBMS) |
What is an Information System? Components of an Information Systems a) Purpose b) People c) Procedures d) Data e) Information Technology Types of Information Sytems a) Transaction Processing System b) Automation c) Management Information System d) Decision Support System |
Software Technology Hardware Technology Networking |
Law and Ethics Case Studies |
What is an Information System? An Information System is an organised, integrated, computer-based system for providing information promptly, accurately and to support decision-making functions at various levels in the organisation. |
INPUT |
OUTPUT |
Hardware, software, tools, procedures, standards, data, people |
It includes a set of components (eg. hardware, people, software, tools, procedures, standatds, data) all working to accomplish a set of goals or objectives. The system receives inputs from the environment and transforms (or processes) the input to outputs that will be useful for decision-making. Inputs take the form of text, images, audio and video. Most inputs to databases usually take the form of text and numbers. Outputs take the form of reports which include tables, charts and diagrams. The information system transforms the inputs to outputs using appropriate data operations (sorting, calculating, summarising, etc). Data and programmes (software) constitute the core of an information system. a) Purpose: The reason for having the system which consists of broad goals and more specific objectives. For example, the goal is better customer service while a specific objecitve would be to provide students with a response within five seconds. b) People: People are an integral part of an information system; people use the system generated. c) Procedures: Procedures or work practices are the human activities to interact with other components of the information system. Describe how people should interact with the technolgy. If procedures are not followed, the information system will not function. d) Data and Information: Unstructured information i.e. data is collected, processed and organised to produce information e) Information technology: Hardware and software used to store, retrieve, process and transmit data. |
Data are raw materials that are needed to produce information. Data by themselves are not very useful for making decisions; they must be procesed: Data capture - captured when an event occurs. eg. when a student regsiters for a class. Validation - verify to ensure data is recorded correctly. Sorting - arrange data in a particular order Classifying - group or catergorise data Calculation - computations performed on data Summarising - aggregation of data eg. total, average. Storing - storing data onto some storage medium eg. hardisk, CD. Retrieving - retrieval of data stored in a storage medium. Reproducing - making multiple copies of data either on the same storage mrdium or on another medium Communicating - transfer of data from one person, machine or place to another |
Types of Information Systems A) Transaction Processing System Data is generated whenever a transaction takes place.eg. when the school buys hockey sticks from the local sports store. A system for processing such transactions is called a transaction processing system (TPS). It captures all relevant information related to a transaction. For example, in an ATM transaction, it must capture data such as PIN (personal identification number), time, type of transaction, location to transaction and amount of money transacted. The features of a TPS are: - it is function ro file-based - it focuses on record keeping - it follows standard procedures - it follows strict production schedule - it produces action documents (eg. invoice) A TPS is not flexible; it does not have the capability to extract enterprise-wide information; it does not and cannot generate information needed for overall decision making. B) Office Automation System (OAS) An OAS is designed to improve the operations performed in an office setting. Besides the telephone, fax, videoconferencing, OASs also include personal productivity software (spreadsheets, databases, word processors) internet software (e-mail, chat rooms etc). An OAS helps reduce cost by eliminating paper work, improving office operations and thus raise the productivity of office personnal. |
To be useful, information generated by a system should have the following characteristics: 1) Accurate: degree to which information is free from error and the more accurate the information, the better the quality of decision made 2) Complete: the degree to which it is free from omission; information must tell the whole story about an issue or subject matter to be useful 3) Relevant: the degree to which is is relevant to the decision-making process 4) Timely: refers to how current information is and the more up-to-date it is the better |
C) Management Information System (MIS) An MIS builds on the TPS by integrating various functional areas; it can extract data selectively from severa functional areas and process them to produce information for decision making at the tactical and strategic levels. It provides information to support planning, controlling and monitoring. It provides information for higher-level management. A MIS provides summarised, enterprise-wide information for decision making by middle and top management. The MIS supports TPA, uses an integrated database, provides information for tactical decision making, produces both scheduled and unscheduled reports. D) Decision Support System (DSS) A DSS is used to assist decision making in an unstructured situation; allows top and middle management to use appropriate models (eg. statistical, simulation) and tools (eg. spreadsheet, graphics) to analyse both external data (i.e. generated from outside the organisation) as well as internal data (i.e. generated from corporate databases). A DSS supports decision making, addresses semi-structured & unstructured problems, used the modeling approach, is an interactive and user-friendly system and can be adapted to any decision enviornment. |
Soalan 3: Apakah sistem maklumat yang berasaskan komputer? |
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